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Vasily Grigorievich Avseenko ((ロシア語:Васи́лий Григо́рьевич Авсе́енко), 17 (5 ) January, 1842, Moscow Governorate, - August 11 (29 ) 1913, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian literary critic, writer and journalist. ==Biography== Vasily Avseenko was born in 1842 into a wealthy noble family. In 1852 he became a student at the first Saint Petersburg gymnasium. There, influenced by his teacher, the well-known philologist V. A. Vodovozov, and senior students, Vsevolod Krestovsky among them, he started writing poetry. He published only one poem in the 1869 August issue of ''Modny Magazine'', under the pseudonym V. Poroshilov. In 1856 he joined the first Kiev gymnasium and, upon graduation, enrolled at the St. Vladimir University in Kiev where he studied history.〔 As a student he started publishing articles on the history of Russia and Ukraine, in major magazines including ''Russkoye slovo'', 1860-1861; ''Russkaya retch'', 1861; ''Otechestvennye zapiski'', 1863; ''The Russian Messenger'', 1863, and ''Vestnik Evropy'', 1866.〔Kruzhok (The Circle). A Little Memoir. '' Istorichesky Vestnik''. 1909. No. 5〕 Upon his graduation in 1862 Avseenko remained as a teacher of history. In the 1860s he became an active contributor to the newspaper ''Kievlyanin'', led by Vitaly Shulgin. In a pro-Moscow conservative newspaper which condemned 'progressive' ideas, the Polish movement and Ukrainian nationalism, Avseenko became one of the most prominent voices. His ''Malorossia in 1767'' historical treatise was published as a separate book.〔 In 1869 Avseenko moved to Saint Petersburg to join first the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, then in 1873 the Ministry of Education. Soon he became a prominent figure in local literary circles. He became close to the staff of ''Zarya'' magazine where he met Dmitry Averkiev, Nikolai Strakhov, Aleksey Pisemsky, and Fyodor Berg.〔〔 The leitmotif of Avseenko's articles was his opposition to Westernization and criticism of authors who were "trying to graft sick and foreign European tendencies onto Russian soil." Later he changed his position radically,〔 drifted away from the Slavophile camp and sharply criticized (in an article entitled "The Wondering of Russian Thought") the Strakhov-published compilation of Apollon Grigoriev's articles, where the 'simple man' was declared the bearer of 'true Russian values'.〔''Ruccky Vestnik'', 1876. No. 10. P. 885〕 Avseenko's critical essays were featured in ''Russky Mir'' (1871-1875, signed A.O.) and ''The Russian Messenger'' (1873-1877, signed A). According to his theory, the mission of Russian literature was highlighting the "elemental, natural aspects of common Russia, potentially mighty but still unrealized, passive and restricted by an impassive mode of existence" and supporting the educated elite as the nation's driving force.〔〔''Russky Vestnik'', 1874. No. 4. P. 872.〕 Such elitism drew much criticism, not only from the revolutionary democratic camp, but also from Turgenev, Strakhov and Dostoyevsky. The latter has been particularly vexed with Avseenko, who dismissed his novels ''The Raw Youth'' and ''Demons'' as being "the works of a limited talent," given to "digging in dark and musty underground," never touching reality and "exploring intimate depths of human vice."〔Notes on the Current Literature. ''Russky Mir''. 27 November, 1871. No. 85; 29 January 1875, No. 27.〕 Dostoyevsky retorted with a pamphlet denouncing Avdeenko as someone who's been too 'star-struck with high society life' to understand and respect the common people.〔The Complete Works of F. M. Dostoyevsky in 30 volumes. Leningrad, 1981. Vol. XXII. Pp. 103-119〕 Dostoyevsky saw the core of Russia's problems in the corrupt influence of the Western civilization, while Avseenko argued it was the lack of culture among Russia's educated classes.〔 For "the fall of culture in society" which he often deplored〔''Russky Vestnik'', No. 8, 1874.〕 Avseenko was blaming Saint Petersburg's journalists and radical literature with its "disregard to beauty and gentility" and disgust to what the 'aristocratic' literature had to offer.〔''Russky Vestnik'', No. 7, 1874, p. 438; No 4. P. 872〕 Avseenko advocated the Pushkin tradition, as opposed to that of Gogol, ascribing to the latter works by people like Alexander Ostrovsky, Nikolai Nekrasov and Vissarion Belinsky.〔 As a prosaic Avseenko debuted in 1865 with the short story called "The Tempest" (the August issue of ''The Russian Messenger''). Several novels followed in 1870-1880s (''The Milky Way'', ''Teeth-gnawing'', ''Evil Spirit'') in which he dealt with corruption, injustice and all kinds of social issues. But with thriller elements brought to the fore, a lot af melodrama and sleek, bland language, critics never took those seriously. Saltykov-Schedrin called Avseenko's novels 'dated and moldy',〔The Works by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in 20 volumes. Moscow, 1970. Vol.IX, p. 443〕 other reviewers noted the author's eagerness to come out as Leo Tolstoy's follower (whose philosophies he criticized). Yet, Avseenko's novels were popular and in retrospect were regarded as curious and valuable pastiches of the end of 19th century life in Russia.〔 In 1883 Avseenko started editing ''Sankt-Peterburgskye vedomosti'' (Saint Petersburgh News) shifting the magazine towards a moderately conservative mode. In 1886-1890 he was the editor of ''Russkaya Gazeta'' (the curtailed, 'cheap' version of the former) and in 1991-1992 the illustrated ''Khudozhnik'' (Painter) magazine. According to critic Alexander Kugel, "he was one of those editors who insisted upon the perfection of form and cultivated the strict discipline of the stylistic work."〔Kugel, A. R. The Notes. Theatre and Art. 1913. No. 32. P. 633〕 In the early 1900s Avseenko's fiction was still widely read, critics in general regarded him a 'quality writer' and the 'master of the ordinary', according to Afanasiev brothers' biography.〔The Afanasyevs. Contemporaries. The Album of Biographies. Saint Petersburg. 1910. Vol. 2, pp. 6-10).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vasily Avseenko」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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